Ratiometric optical oxygen sensor based on phosphorescence quenching

Molecular oxygen plays a pivotal role in various biological, chemical and environmental reactions, thus detection of oxygen has attracted much attention. Traditional methods of sensing oxygen including classical Winkler titration, electroanalysis, chemiluminescence and thermoluminescence suffer from limitations such as relatively long response time, oxygen consumption during the sensing process and poor selectivity.

The ground state of oxygen is a triplet state, so oxygen can quench the long-lived triplet phosphorescence of luminophores. Optical oxygen sensors to detect oxygen through phosphorescence have become a very active research field because of their good sensitivity and selectivity, full reversibility, simplicity, suitability for real-time measurements and minimal consumption of oxygen during measurements. Common detection modalities in optical oxygen sensing include phosphorescence intensity, ratiometric and lifetime measurements.

Ratiometric intensity measurements at two different wavelengths allow more reliable detection than at a single wavelength because oxygen responses depend on the ratio of the oxygen sensor and reference luminescent signals. In addition, most ratiometric optical oxygen sensors exhibit a perceivable color change, which is useful for rapid visual sensing. This review focuses on the mechanism of oxygen sensing, material designs for ratiometric sensors and cell imaging. The future development of oxygen sensors is also discussed.

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Gas Sensors Market - Growing Demand for Gas Sensors to Prevent Accidents

The global market for gas sensors was valued at USD 1,664.8 million in 2012 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.7% during the forecast period from 2012 to 2018 and reach USD 2,328.3 million by 2018.

The research report on the global gas sensors market provides in-depth analysis of the market based on its major product segments, applications, and geographies for the period from 2012 to 2018. The report provides complete understanding of the driving factors, restraints, and prevailing trends behind the popularity of gas sensors. It also presents estimates and forecast for all the market segments and explains the impact of various factors on these segments.

Gas sensors are the devices that sense concentration of various gases within an area, usually as a part of a safety system. Use of gas sensors is the most effective way to sence actual gas concentrations during gas leaks or gas generations. Some of the major gas sensor products are electrochemical gas sensors, solid state gas sensors, PID (photoionization detectors), catalytic gas sensors, infrared gas sensors, and others. Gas sensor devices have application across various sectors and some of the major applications of gas sensors are in process industries, automotive industry, building automation, industrial applications, medical applications, and others.

Gas sensors are the devices that transform partial pressures or gas compositions measured in air or gases into an electric signal. Gas sensors comprise of two basic parts: a receptor enabling chemical recognition and a transducer transforming the chemical reactions into an output electric signal. The challenge of gas detection prevails in every market sector. The gas sensors based on semiconductor technology are most cost effective followed by the electrochemical gas sensing technology. Electrochemical gas sensors are used for detecting the presence of oxygen, toxic gases, environmental pollutants, and some combustible gases. IR gas sensors and catalytic sensors are used for detecting combustible gases.
Gas sensors market report include analysis, market size and forecast of technologies such as electrochemical gas sensing technology, Semiconductor gas sensing technology, solid-state /metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensing technology, PID (Photoionization detectors) gas sensing technology, Catalytic gas sensing technology, infrared (IR) gas sensing technology and other (paramagnetic, thermal conductivity, and so on) gas sensing technology. The major product segments of gas sensors include in the gas sensors market report are oxygen sensors, carbon dioxide sensors, carbon monoxide sensors, nitrogen oxide sensors, and other sensors such as methane, ammonia, and so on.

Geographically, the gas sensors market is categorized into four regions, namely, North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World (RoW). The report presents the market size and forecast for these regional markets. A qualitative analysis of market dynamics for gas sensors is presented in the market overview section in the report.
The gas sensors market is divided into sub-segments based on various parameters, in order to enable stakeholders across the supply chain to take advantage of the strategic analyses included in the report. The competitive landscape section in the report presents market share analysis of major players in the global gas sensors market in 2012. The usage of gases has increased significantly in different applications, thus creating a risk of accidents due to fire, explosion, poisoning, and oxygen deficiency. As a result, there is growing demand for gas sensors to prevent such accidents.

Apart from the above cross sectional analysis of the market, the report also provides competitive profiling of major players engaged in gas sensor manufacturing, their market positioning, business strategies, and various recent developments. Some of the major players profiled in the report include City Technology, Figaro Engineering Inc, Membrapor AG, Dynament Ltd, and Alphasense among others. The report also provides better understanding of the market with the help of Porter's five forces analysis and further highlights the competitive scenario across different levels of the value chain. In all, the report provides detailed analysis of the global gas sensors market along with the market forecast, in terms of revenue (USD million) for all the segments during the forecast period from 2012 to 2018.

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Barograph uses the new iPhone pressure sensor

The new iPhone 6 and 6 Plus each have a pressure sensor that gives readings for barometric pressure. Barograph (free), displays real-time pressure data from that sensor. Weather watchers will know dropping pressure usually means bad weather is coming, rising pressure means good weather.

The app's main interface is a graph that looks for very small changes. Initially it might seem uneven, but you can usually spot a trend pretty easily. The app charts the pressure and your relative altitude.

If you leave the app or lock your phone, the readings stop after 30 seconds so the app is not a battery drain. Pressure readings are in kiloPascals, not a measurement consumers typically use when reading barometers, but what you are looking for is trends. It would be nice if the app gave you the ability to see the data in U.S. non-metric readings.

You can share your barometric readings via Facebook, Twitter and email, if that suits your fancy. You can also save the graph to your image library.

Developer Jackson Myers told me the app is a first try, and it will get more sophisticated, but it does provide an interesting look into some of the new data the iPhone sensors are offering.

The app of course requires iOS 8 or greater, and must run on an iPhone 6 or 6 Plus.

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Coriolis mass flow sensor having optical sensors

A Coriolis mass flow sensor includes a flow tube, a light source, and a light pipe having a light inlet situated to receive light from the light source and a light outlet for emitting light received from the light source. A light detector receives light from the light pipe light outlet, and a drive device vibrates the flow tube such that the flow tube moves through a light path between the light outlet of the light pipe and the light detector. In certain embodiments, the light pipe defines a generally square cross section. A sensing aperture having a predetermined shape is situated between the light outlet of the light pipe and the light detector. The sensing aperture passes a portion of the light emitted from the light outlet of the light to the light detector, such that the light entering the light detector has the predetermined shape.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a non-provisional of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 60/481,852 and 60/521,223, filed on Jan. 2, 2004 and Mar. 15, 2004, respectively, which are incorporated by reference herein.
BACKGROUND
The invention relates generally to a mass flow measurement and control, and more particularly, to a mass flow measurement and control device based on the Coriolis force effect.
Mass flow measurement based on the Coriolis force effect is achieved in the following manner. The Coriolis force results in the effect of a mass moving in an established direction and then being forced to change direction with a vector component normal to the established direction of flow. This can be expressed by the following equation:
F ⇀ C = 2 ⁢ M ⇀ × ω ⇀
Where
F ⇀ C
• (the Coriolis force vector) is the result of the cross product of
M ⇀
• (the momentum vector of the flowing mass) and
ω ⇀
• (the angular velocity vector of the rotating coordinate system).
In a rotating system, the angular velocity vector is aligned along the axis of rotation. Using the “Right Hand Rule”, the fingers define the direction of rotation and the thumb, extended, defines the angular velocity vector direction. In the case of the typical Coriolis force flow sensor, a tube, through which fluid flow is to be established, is vibrated. Often the tube is in the shape of one or more loops. The loop shape is such that the mass flow vector is directed in opposite directions at different parts of the loop. The tube loops may, for example, be “U” shaped, rectangular, triangular or “delta” shaped or coiled. In the special case of a straight tube, there are two simultaneous angular velocity vectors that are coincident to the anchor points of the tube while the mass flow vector is in a single direction.
The angular velocity vector changes directions since, in a vibrating system, the direction of rotation changes. The result is that, at any given time, the Coriolis force is acting in opposite directions where the mass flow vectors or the angular velocity vectors are directed in opposite directions. Since the angular velocity vector is constantly changing due to the vibrating system, the Coriolis force is also constantly changing. The result is a dynamic twisting motion being imposed on top of the oscillating motion of the tube. The magnitude of twist is proportional to the mass flow for a given angular velocity.
Mass flow measurement is achieved by measuring the twist in the sensor tube due to the Coriolis force generated by a fluid moving through the sensor tube. Typical known devices use pick off sensors comprising magnet and coil pairs located on the flow tube where the Coriolis force's induced displacement is expected to be greatest. The coil and magnet are mounted on opposing structures, for example, the magnet is mounted on the tube and the coil is mounted on the stationary package wall. The coil will move through the magnet's field, inducing a current in the coil. This current is proportional to the velocity of the magnet relative to the coil.
In low flow applications, however, the tube is relatively small. This makes it difficult or impossible to mount sensing hardware on the tube itself. Prior art solutions to sensing the tube vibrations have been largely unsatisfactory. The present invention addresses shortcomings associated with the prior art.

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MIT researchers develop wearable toxic gas sensor

A team of four MIT researchers has developed a new wearable sensor that can detect toxic gases and talk to smartphones or other wireless devices to warn users when they are in danger.

Using these gas sensors, the researchers hope to design badges that weigh less than a credit card and can be easily worn by military personnel on the battlefield.
“Soldiers carry a lot of equipment already, and a lot of communication devices,” said Timothy Swager, Professor of Chemistry at MIT and lead author on a paper describing the sensors that was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. The paper’s co-authors are post-doc student Shinsuke Ishihara and PhD students Joseph Azzarelli and Markrete Krikorian.
“Soldiers have no wearable sensors to detect toxic gases. They use a variety of detectors, but they’re not the kind of thing you can carry around. Our sensors weigh less than a piece of paper,” Swager said.
In layman’s terms, the system works as follows. The sensor is a circuit loaded with carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical molecules that look like little wires.
“Let’s think about the wires we’re familiar with, such as electric wires,” Swager explained. “They’re wrapped in plastic.” As a result, the actual wire is insulated from the external environment and users are safe. In the carbon nanotubes case, insulation is not achieved thanks to a plastic case. “We wrapped the nanotubes with a polymer,” Swager explained.
When exposed to toxic gases, such as Sarin gas, the polymer breaks apart and the insulation disappears. Consequently, the nanotubes touch each other and become conductive. When this happens, a signal is sent to the smartphone.
To detect the signal, the smartphone or the wireless device must be equipped with near-field communication (NFC) technology, which allows the devices to transmit data over short distances without the need for internet connection.
The sensor’s response is irreversible, meaning that users can see they’ve been exposed to a certain amount of toxic gas even though the gas is not detected anymore in the air.
“There are sensors that give reversible response, so things go up and if you take away the signal they go back again. But this one is different: The response is irreversible, so you can get the total dosage,” Swager said.
The toxic-gas detector — composed of the wearable badge and the communication device — may also have civilian applications in refineries, where workers might be exposed to toxic chemicals.
According to Swager, the technology to develop the product has already been licensed by C2Sense, a company based in Cambridge, Mass. Swager said the company is working on commercializing the product: “I think it would be at least a year.”

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MIT Researchers Create Wearable Toxic Gas Sensor Lighter Than Paper

Massachusetts Institute of Technology wearable toxic gas sensor was created by four researchers. The device functions by detecting toxic gases and warn users by talking to the smartphones or other wireless devices when danger is near.

Researchers, who have developed wearable toxic gas sensors, also hope to create badges that weigh less than an average credit card so the military can wear them easily in battlefields.

MIT toxic gas sensor updates a smartphone or other wireless devices when a conduction of the nanotubes occurs. It can help people who are exposed to toxic gases like a Sarin gas. The polymer breaks causing the insulation to disappear and makes the nanotubes touch one another forming a conduction. When there's a conduction, the signal is directly sent to a smartphone or other wireless devices.

To detect the signal, the phone or device should be equipped with a near field communication (NFC) technology. The NFC allows devices to transmit data over short distances without using internet connection. The wearable toxic gas sensor has an irreversible response. This means that the wearers can see when they've been exposed to amounts of toxic gas even if it's undetected in the air.

MIT toxic gas sensor leading author and Chemistry professor Timothy Swager described the technology in the journal of American Chemical Society. The co-authors of the study are postdoctoral candidate Shinsuke Ishihara and PhD students Markrete Krikorian and Joseph Azzarelli.  

Swager said that soldiers already carry a lot of equipment and communication devices and at present, wearable toxic gas sensors are not used by soldiers. Swager also said that soldiers have many detectors, but they are not the type that can be carried easily, especially in the battlefield.

The wearable toxic gas sensor is said to weigh less than a piece of paper. The sensor is built out of a circuit filled with carbon nanotubes. These tubes are cylindrical and looks similar to little wires.

Wearable gas sensors are likened to electrical wires because they are wrapped in plastic to secure them from harsh effects of the external environment. However, the nanotubes used on the wearable gas sensors are wrapped with a polymer material rather than plastic because the latter would be unable to insulate the nanotubes.  

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Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) Gas Sensor Utilizing Light-Emitting-Diodes

Gas sensors that are low-power, light-weight, and rugged, while also remaining low-cost, have considerable appeal to areas from automotive to space flight. There are increasing demands for higher efficient vehicles with lower emissions in order meet regulations that are meant to mitigate or lessen the effects of climate change. An affordable, fast response sensor that can measure transient carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) has broad application which can lead to more efficient, fuel flexible engines and regulations of harmful emissions.

With compact, economical, low-power sensors that are able to continually monitor gases that are characteristic of burning materials, a distributed sensor array could be implemented on space vehicles that would allow early detection of fires, gas leaks, or other critical events. With careful selection of targeted gases, it may be possible to identify the material that is burning or smoldering, better informing the crew so that they may respond and prioritize high emergency events.

Further applications may include fuel/ hazardous gas leak detection on space vehicles and atmospheric constituent sensor for portable life support systems (PLSS) used by astronauts in extra vehicular activity (EVA). Non-dispersive infrared NDIR gas sensors are attractive due to their simplicity and low-cost; and by using light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) in this approach, power efficient, lightweight, and stable gas sensors can be developed to meet these needs.

This thesis discusses a sensor that was developed for simultaneous, time resolved measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). This sensor utilizes low-cost and compact light emitting diodes (LEDs) that emit in the 3-5μm wavelength range. Light emission of LEDs is spectrally broader and more spatially divergent compared to that of lasers, which presented many design challenges. Optical design studies addressed some of the non-ideal characteristics of the LED emissions.

Measurements of CO and CO2 were conducted using their fundamental absorption bands centered at 4.7μm and 4.3μm, respectively, while a 3.6μm reference LED was used to account for scattering losses (e.g., due to soot, window deposits, etc.) common to the three measurement LEDs. Instrument validation and calibration was performed using a laboratory flow cell and bottled-gas mixtures. The sensor was able to detect CO2 and CO concentration changes as small as 30 ppm and 400 ppm, respectively. Because of the many control and monitor species with infra-red absorption features, which can be measured using the strategy described, this work demonstrates proof of concept for a wider range of fast (250Hz) and low cost sensors for gas measurement and process monitoring.

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Miniature pressure sensors for medical touch

A new kind of flexible, transparent pressure sensor, developed at the University of California, Davis, for use in medical applications, relies on a drop of liquid.

The droplet goes in a flexible sandwich of the substance polydimethylsiloxane, or PDMS. The sensor acts as a variable electrical capacitor. When the sensor is pressed down, the sensing droplet is squeezed over conductive electrodes, increasing its capacitance.

"There's a huge need for flexible sensors in biosensing," said Professor Tingrui Pan, who led the research project.

He and his colleagues used the sensor successfully in measuring the pulse in the human neck. The sensor also could be used in "smart gloves," giving physicians an enhanced ability to measure the firmness of tissues and detect tumors, and in "smart contact lenses," to monitor intraocular pressure without affecting vision.

Pan's research paper — for which graduate students Baoqing Nie and Siyuan Xing and ophthalmology professor James Brandt served as co-authors — appeared in the December issue of the journal Lab on a Chip.

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Gas sensors 'see' through soil to analyze microbial interactions

Rice University researchers have developed gas biosensors to "see" into soil and allow them to follow the behavior of the microbial communities within.
In a study in the American Chemical Society's journal Environmental Science and Technology, the Rice team described using genetically engineered bacteria that release methyl halide gases to monitor microbial gene expression in soil samples in the lab.
The bacteria are programmed using synthetic biology to release gas to report when they exchange DNA through horizontal gene transfer, the process by which organisms share genetic traits without a parent-to-child relationship. The biosensors allow researchers to monitor such processes in real time without having to actually see into or disturb a lab soil sample.
The Rice researchers expect their technique will serve the same purpose for environmental scientists that fluorescent reporter proteins serve for biochemists who track protein expression and other processes in biological systems.
The work by the Rice labs of biogeochemist Caroline Masiello, biochemist Jonathan Silberg, microbiologist George Bennett and lead author Hsiao-Ying (Shelly) Cheng, a Rice graduate student, is the first product of a $1 million grant by the W.M. Keck Foundation to develop gas-releasing microbial sensors.
"This paper describes a new tool to study how microbes trade genetic material in the environment," said Masiello, a professor of Earth science.
"We care about this because the process of horizontal gene transfer controls a lot of things that are important to humans either because they're good—it's how rhizobia trade the genes they need to fix nitrogen and support plant growth—or they're bad—it's how bacteria trade antibiotic resistance in soils," she said. "It's been much more challenging in the past to construct models of this dynamic process in real soils and to study how horizontal gene exchange varies across soil types. We've created a new set of tools that makes that possible."
The researchers expect scientists will use gas biosensors in the lab to study nitrogen fixing in agriculture, antibiotic exchange in wastewater treatment, gene transfer in conditions where nutrients are scarce and the relationship between gene expression in soil and the release of greenhouse gases.
"There are other technologies that will build on this," said Silberg, an associate professor of biochemistry and cell biology. "The idea of using gases opens up most anything that's genetically encoded. However, we do need to improve technologies for some of the subtler kinds of questions."
He said releasing and sensing methyl halide gas represented an easy proof of concept. "Now we want higher-resolution information about other types of biological events by creating more sophisticated genetic programs using synthetic biology," Silberg said.
They expect they will soon be able to test agricultural soil samples to help fine-tune crop growth through more efficient watering and fertilizer use. "How can agriculture get this extra level of efficiency without the waste? Lots of people are coming to that, and there are lots of ways to do it," he said. "We're trying to build high-tech tools that allow us to understand mechanisms to make reliable predictions. That's the long game with these tools."
The researchers emphasized that these are tools for soil studies within lab environments. The synthetic microbes are destroyed once the results are obtained.
The Rice lab tested soil samples from the National Science Foundation's Kellogg Biological Station Long-Term Ecological Research Site in Michigan after adding Escherichia coli bacteria programmed to release gas upon transfer of their DNA to another microbe. Signals from the gas were up to 10,000 times the lab's detection limit.
The gas sensors were effective in anoxic—or oxygen-depleted—conditions, unlike green fluorescent protein, which requires oxygen to work. It is anticipated the reporter proteins can be used in many kinds of soil microbes, and some are currently being tested, Bennett said.

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Gas Sensors Market by Technology, Gas Type, End-Use Application, and Geography - Global Forecast to 2022

According to the new market research report on gas sensors, this market is expected to be worth USD 1.01 billion by 2022, growing at a CAGR of 6.22% between 2016 and 2022. The growth of the gas sensors market can be attributed to increasing demand for gas sensors in oil & gas and environmental application in both developing and developed countries. The rising mandate and government regulation for occupational health and safety of employee from the hazardous industry is key driver for gas sensors market.

"Gas sensors market in APAC expected to grow at the highest rate"
This report covers regions including North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World (RoW). The market in APAC is expected to grow at a high CAGR between 2016 and 2022. The major drivers for the growth of the gas sensors market in APAC is driven by the rising demand for gas sensor in medical sector for health monitoring of patience in highly populated countries in the region such as China, India and Japan. Moreover, the demand for gas sensor in automobiles for safety and comfort and increasing manufacturing activities in the automotive, backed by strong economic growth in China and India is supporting the growth of gas sensors market.

Breakdown of profile of primary participants:

- By Company Type: Tier 1 - 25%, Tier 2 - 50%, and Tier 3 - 25%
- By Designation: C-level Executives - 35%, Director level - 25%, and others - 40%
- By Region: North America - 45%, APAC - 20%, Europe - 30%, and RoW - 5%

The companies that are profiled in the report are City Technology Ltd (U.K.), Dynament Ltd. (U.K.), Alphasense (U.K.), Amphenol Advanced Sensors (U.S.), Bosch Sensortec GmbH (Germany), ams AG (Austria), SenseAir AB (Sweden), FIGARO Engineering Inc. (Japan), MEMBRAPOR AG (Switzerland), Cambridge CMOS sensors (U.K.), Sensirion AG (Switzerland), and MSA (U.S.).

Reasons to buy the report:
- This report includes the market statistics pertaining to type, application and geography along with their respective revenue.
- The Porter's Five Forces framework has been provided along with the value chain analysis to provide an in-depth insight into the gas sensors market.
- The major drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities for the gas sensors market have been detailed in this report.
- Illustrative segmentation, analysis, and forecast for gas sensors markets based on technology, gases type, application, and geography have been conducted to give an overall view of the.
- A detailed competitive landscape has been provided including key players, in-depth analysis, and revenue of key players.

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Researchers develops toxic gas sensor that can connect to smartphones

Groups of researchers in Japan and the U.S. have jointly developed a material -- a coated carbon nanotube -- that could realize a low-cost, easy-to-carry toxic gas sensor that works with smartphones.
The researchers at the National Institute for Material Science (NIMS) in Ibaraki Prefecture and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology announced Thursday that the material is a carbon nanotube coated with insulating polymer.
Carbon nanotube is normally highly conductive, but the insulating polymer serves to significantly lower the tube's conductivity.
But the coated polymer breaks apart when it is exposed to toxic gases, in which case the conductivity of the tube drastically increases.
NIMS says it can make a sensor by loading this material in a chip that can exchange data wirelessly with smartphones in close proximity just like the Suica cards used for shopping or paying for train rides.
When toxic gas is present in the atmosphere, the material in the sensor becomes conductive, so if people hold their smartphones over the sensor, the handsets will react.
Shinsuke Ishihara, a senior researcher at NIMS, said the Japanese team explained that the toxic gas detectors currently used are heavy and expensive.
But with 1 gram of the new polymer, it is possible to make 4 million sensors, he said.
The researchers hope to put the material to practical use before 2020, and hope to install the sensors at public facilities and subway station to prepare for possible terrorist attacks such as one perpetrated by the Aum Shinrikyo religious cult in the Tokyo subway system in 1995 using sarin nerve gas.
The researchers are thinking of establishing advanced systems, such as one that can automatically send signals to smartphones whenever toxic gases are detected, Ishihara said.
The sensors can be also attached directly to smartphones, Ishihara added. If there is a smartphone app that can automatically check sensors once every few seconds, it can be used to monitor toxic gases in real time.
MIT researchers in the meantime are hoping to use the sensors to design lightweight radio-frequency identification badges that could be worn by soldiers on the battlefield, according to the MIT website.

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Mass Flow Sensors: Mass Flow versus Volumetric Flow and Flow Rate Unit Conversions

This technical note explains the following:

How mass flow is measured with volumetric units at standard conditions.

How to convert between volumetric units at standard conditions of 0ºC, 1 atm, and nonstandard temperature and pressure conditions.

How to convert between volumetric units at standard conditions of 0ºC, 1 atm, and an alternative standard temperature and pressure conditions.

How to convert from volumetric units to mass units.Honeywell mass flowsensors use a silicon sense die construction known as a microbridge to measure the rate of mass transfer in a fluid.

Mass flow is a dynamic mass/time unit measured in grams per minute. It is common in the industry to specify mass flow in terms of volumetric flow units at standard (reference)

conditions. By referencing a volumetric flow to a standard temperature and pressure, an exact mass flow (g/min) can be calculated from volumetric flow.

The temperature and pressure reference conditions of the volumetric unit do not imply nor do

they require the pressure and temperature conditions of the measured fluid to be the same; they are simply part of the volumetric unit that is required to specify mass from a measured volume.

Honeywell mass flow sensors are generally specified as having volumetric flow units at standard reference conditions of 0°C and 1 atm. This is indicated on volumetric units with the "

S" prefix. For example: SCCM "Standard Cubic Centimeters (per) Minute"

Reference Conditions: 0°C, 1 atm SLPM "Standard Liters (per) Minute" Reference Conditions: 0°C, 1 atm If a certain application requires nonstandard reference conditions, the units will be specified in the device datasheet without the “S” prefix and the reference conditions will be

called out. The “@” symbol will be used to indicate the volumetric unit reference conditions for temperature and flow.

For example:

CCM@ 21°C, 101.325 kPa

LPM @ 20°C, 1013.25 mbar

When designing an application around a mass flow sensor, it is critical to use consistent refere

nce conditions for volumetric units throughout the system. There is no industry standard for

the reference conditions indicated by “SCCM” or “SLPM”, they must be explicitly determined.

Consider a Honeywell mass low sensor which has output calibrated for a full scale of 1000

SCCM. If this sensor is used in a system with a mass flow controller that has a Full Scale of

1000 SCCM(defined by the manufacturer as using a reference condition of 25°C, 1 atm), then without converting units, the system error will be more than 9% of reading.

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Design of an NDIR gas sensor with two non-symmetric Fabry-Perot absorber-structures

Every gas (e.g. CO2) absorbs IR-radiation at individual gas specific IR-wavelengths. Non-dispersive infrared NDIR gas sensors exploit this property for gas monitoring. Such sensors are used in various applications, e.g. for control of air quality in office buildings or cars. This is a big market for low cost sensors.

A NDIR sensor consists basically of three components: an IR-emitter, a chamber containing the sample gas, and an IR-detector with a filter for the observed wavelength. Commercially available systems use broadband IR-emitters (e.g.: micro-lamps) in combination with thermopile or pyroelectric detectors fabricated with a narrowband gas-specific IR-filter, e.g., an interference filter.

We devised a concept for a simple and cost-effective NDIR gas sensor based on two non-symmetric Fabry-Perot absorberstructures as IR-emitter and as IR-detector where no additional interference filter is needed. The presented sensor combines thin layer technology with optical sensing techniques. The system was first analyzed using ray tracing models based on a Monte Carlo method in order to model the response function of the system's sample chamber. For our results, the sample gas is CO2 where the major absorption is centered around 4.26μm.

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United States Solid Electrolyte Gas Sensor Industry 2016 Market Research Report

MarketStudyReport.com adds “United States Solid Electrolyte Gas Sensor Industry 2016 Market Research Report”new report to its research database.The report spread across 138 pages with table and figures.

The United States Solid Electrolyte Gas Sensor Industry 2016 Market Research Report is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the Solid Electrolyte Gas Sensor industry.

The report provides a basic overview of the industry including definitions, classifications, applications and industry chain structure. The Solid Electrolyte Gas Sensor market analysis is provided for the United States markets including development trends, competitive landscape analysis, and key regions development status.

Development policies and plans are discussed as well as manufacturing processes and Bill of Materials cost structures are also analyzed. This report also states import/export consumption, supply and demand Figures, cost, price, revenue and gross margins.

The report focuses on United States major leading industry players providing information such as company profiles, product picture and specification, capacity, production, price, cost, revenue and contact information. Upstream raw materials and equipment and downstream demand analysis is also carried out. The Solid Electrolyte Gas Sensor industry development trends and marketing channels are analyzed. Finally the feasibility of new investment projects are assessed and overall research conclusions offered.

With 154 tables and figures the report provides key statistics on the state of the industry and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the market.

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Monolithic MEMS Mass Flow Sensor for Liquids and Gases

The mass flow sensor is suitable both for gases and for liquids and can be used for the direct measurement in the flow range of 0 to 2 slpm (standard liters per minute). 

The solution uses a thermal process as a measuring principle: it consists of a heating element and two differentially arranged thermocouples. The temperature gradient is a measure of the flow rate. In contrast to the conventional technology come directly from the heating element and sensing resistors with the medium to be measured in contact, it is characterised in that the sensor element is completely inside a monolithic semiconductor. Hence the media touches only the durable protective layer of the sensor, and so is protected from contamination, condensation and abrasion. 

The SiF2011 consists of a compatible to standard medical flow housing and a PCB with the complete signal conditioning. The sensor provides both an analog output (0 to 5V) and a digital I2C interface, is characterised by a short response time (<8 ms) and is in the extended temperature range of -25 ° C to + 85 ° C. For convenient evaluation of the demonstration kit SiF3011 is available.

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Global Pressure Sensors Market Worth USD 7.92 Billion by 2020

The Pressure sensors and transmitters market is slated to grow at 7.1% year on year for the next five years. The market is estimated to reach $7.92bn by 2020.

The demand for Pressure sensors services is growing at a steady pace across the globe. Pressure sensors are used in all industries for detecting and differentiating different types of pressures, with the demand increasing mainly due to global investment patterns. Other such factors include developments in automation market, increasing demand from end users and innovation in the technology which impact pressure sensor market.

In the report, the market has been segmented by geography as North America, Europe, Asia, and Rest of the World (RoW). Market size and forecast is provided for each of these regions. A detailed qualitative analysis of the factors responsible for driving and restraining growth of the Pressure sensor market and future opportunities are provided in the report.

Companies Mentioned:

• ABB Ltd
• ALPS
• Ametek Inc
• Amphenol
• AMSECO
• Amsys
• Bosch Sensortec
• Continental AG
• Denso Corp
• Endress+Hauser AG
• Environdata
• Epcos AG
• Freescale Semiconductor
• GE Measurement & Control
• Honeywell International Inc
• Infineon Technologies
• Keyence
• Measurement Specialties Inc
• Murata

Report Structure:

1. Global Pressure Sensors - Market Overview

2. Executive Summary

3. Global Pressure Sensors - Market Landscape

4. Global Pressure Sensors - Market Forces

5. Global Pressure Sensors Market - Strategic Analysis

6. Global Pressure Sensors Market - By Applications

7. Global Pressure Sensors Market - By Product Type

9. Global Pressure Sensors Market - By Verticals

10. Global Pressure Sensors Market-Geographic Analysis

11. Market Entropy

12. Company Profiles (Overview, Financials, SWOT Analysis, Developments, Product Portfolio)

13. Appendix

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Use of a Dynamic Enclosure Approach to Test the Accuracy of the NDIR Sensor

As part of a quality assurance (QA) study for sensor systems, an enclosureapproach is applied to assess the accuracy of non-dispersive infrared (NDIR)-based CO₂sensors. To examine the performance of the sensor system, an enclosure chambercontaining six sensor units of the two model types (B-530 and H-500) was equilibratedwith calibrated CO₂ standards at varying concentration levels.

Initially, the equilibrationpattern was analyzed by CO₂-free gas (0 ppm) at varying flow rates (i.e., 100, 200, 500, and1000 mL min^-1). Results of the test yielded a highly predictable and quantifiable empiricalrelationship as a function of such parameters as CO₂ concentration, flow rate, andequilibration time for the enclosure system. Hence, when the performance of the NDIR-method was evaluated at other concentrations (i.e., 500 and 1000 ppm), all the sensor unitsshowed an excellent compatibility, at least in terms of the correlation coefficients (r >0.999, p = 0.01).

According to our analysis, the NDIR sensor system seems to attain anoverall accuracy near the 5% level. The relative performance of the NDIR sensor for CO₂analysis is hence comparable with (or superior to) other methods previously investigated.The overall results of this study indicate that NDIR sensors can be used to provide highlyaccurate and precise analyses of CO₂ both in absolute and relative terms.

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Market Research Report on Gas Sensors Market Worth 1.01 Billion

The gas sensors market is expected to be worth USD 1.01 Billion by 2022, growing at a CAGR of 6.22% between 2016 and 2022. The base year used for this study is 2015 and the forecast period is between 2016 and 2022. This report provides a detailed analysis of the market on the basis of technology, gas type, application, and geography. Gas sensors is one of the primary component used for safety purposes to detect toxic or combustible gases both in residential and industrial locations.

Early buyers will receive 10% customization on reports.

The laser-based gas detection technology is expected to grow at the highest rate in the market

The laser-based gas detection technology in gas sensors market is expected to grow at the highest CAGR between 2016 and 2022. The laser diode uses tunable diode laser absorption technology (TDLAS) which HAS higher sensitivity, higher response time and accuracy as compared to other gas sensors. Laser-based gas sensor is expected to have high growth potential in applications such as chemical, building and automation, oil & gas and power plants to measure critical gases.

The market for the consumer electronic application would grow at the highest CAGR between 2016 and 2022

The market for the consumer electronic application of gas sensors is expected to grow at the highest rate. This high growth can be attributed to the fact that gas sensors are expected to be integrated into smartphones and wearables that can detect gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and VOCS. The gas sensor would be used in smart phones for air quality measurement and for health monitoring applications such as sleep quality measurement through breath analysis.

North America to dominate the gas sensors market in terms of market size

North America held the largest share of the gas sensors market in 2015. One of the main reasons for the large share of North America in this market is the major application of gas sensors in safety systems for detecting concentration of toxic and harmful gases at oil & gas plants in the region. The companies in the U.S. have developed advanced techniques for extracting hydrocarbons from shale which has increased oil and gas production in the country. That has led to the rise in demand for gas sensor for monitor and detecting concentration of toxic and harmful gases for employee and oil & gas plant safety.

The companies that are profiled in the report are City Technology Ltd (U.K.), Dynament Ltd.(U.K.) Alphasense (U.K.), Amphenol Advanced Sensors (U.S.), Bosch Sensortec GmbH(Germany), ams AG (Austria), Senseair AB (Sweden), FIGARO Engineering Inc. (Japan), MEMBRAPOR AG (Switzerland), Cambridge CMOS sensors (U.K.), Sensirion AG (Switzerland), and MSA (U.S.).

This report describes the market trends, drivers, and challenges for the gas sensors market and forecasts the market up to 2022. The report also includes the value chain and Porter's analysis of the market along with a detailed view of the market across the four major regions, namely, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World (which includes the Middle East, South America, and Africa). The report profiles the 10 most promising players in the gas sensors market.

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Global Gas Sensors and Gas Metering Industry to be Fuelled by Growing Demand

A recent research report on the global gas sensors and gas metering industry has been added to the repository of Market Research Hub. The report, titled “Global Gas Sensors and Gas Metering Industry 2016 Market Research Report,” evaluates the current scenario of the global gas sensors and gas metering industry. The report helps players discover transformative technologies for future growth. The industry has been studied on the basis of product type and region. To describe the competitive landscape, the report profiles some of the key players operating in the global gas sensors and gas metering industry.

A gas meter refers to a specialized flow meter that measures the volume of fuel gases. These gas meters are widely used across the residential, industrial, and commercial sectors. On the other hand, gas sensors or gas detectors detect the presence of gases in an area and are mostly utilized as a part of safety system in various industries.

The global gas sensors and gas metering industry has been studied across some of the key regions such as the European Union, China, Japan, and the U.S. The consumption and supply gap in the industry has been studied across these regions during the period between 2011 and 2016. Furthermore, the report analyzes the export and import of gas sensors and gas meters in these regions and takes note of the various economic factors impacting the growth of the regional gas sensors and gas metering market.

The report offers an overview of the global gas sensors and gas metering industry and defines the classifications and applications of gas sensors and gas meters. The industry chain structure of the global gas sensors and gas metering market has been discussed in the report with emphasis on various input components. The manufacturing cost structure of gas sensors and gas meters has been also analyzed in the report.

The key application areas of gas sensors and gas meters include industrial leak detection and process control, automotive, environmental protection, life sciences, military/public safety, and others. The report analyzes the demand for gas sensors and gas meters across each of these application sectors.

Some of the major players in the global gas sensors and gas metering industry are Acculex, The ABB Group (ABB Analytical), Altech Environment U.S.A., Alicat Scientific Inc., Ametek Inc., Amalgamated Instruments Co. Pty Ltd., Asia Pacific Microsystems Inc., Bacharach Inc., Automatic Flare Systems Ltd., Baseline-Mocon Inc., Casella U.S.A., Brooks Instrument, CIDRA, City Technology Ltd., CIMTECHNIQUES Inc., Countronics, Davidson Instruments, Drscada Automation, Drager Safety AG, Emerson Process Management, Elster-Instromet N.V., Figaro Engineering Inc., Endress+Hauser Inc., Frehnig Instruments & Controls, Florite International Inc., GE Sensing, Gas Technology Institute, Hedland In-Line Flowmeters, General Monitors, and Honeywell Inc. The report profiles these key companies and includes information such as their product portfolio, production capacity, revenue, and manufacturing cost.

Market Research Hub (MRH) is a next-generation reseller of research reports and analysis. MRH’s expansive collection of market research reports has been carefully curated to help key personnel and decision makers across industry verticals to clearly visualize their operating environment and take strategic steps.

MRH functions as an integrated platform for the following products and services: Objective and sound market forecasts, qualitative and quantitative analysis, incisive insight into defining industry trends, and market share estimates. Our reputation lies in delivering value and world-class capabilities to our clients.

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CO2 sensor versus volatile organic compounds (VOC) sensor

The study investigated performance of two commercially available non-selective metal oxide semiconductor VOC sensors and two commercially available non dispersive infrared CO2 sensors installed in one person office. The office was equipped with demand controlled ventilation.

The signals from VOC and CO2 sensors, presence detection sensor and supply/return air flow were logged. VOC and CO2 signals were in agreement with respect to indicated need for mechanical ventilation for 49 % of occupied time (81 % of whole measuring period).

VOC measurement would clearly trigger the mechanical ventilation in contradiction with CO2 measurement in 11 % of occupied time. Opposite situation was observed in 6 % of occupied time. In approx. 22 % of occupied time CO2 signal has just reached the set-point while the VOC signal was significantly below. In that case the ventilation start up would be dependent on settings of a particular controller.

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