More Microwave Sensors To Keep Midtown Traffic "In Motion"

 The DOT's "Midtown in Motion" congestion management system will double in size, growing from a 110-block zone to a 270-block service area. The innovative system launched last July, and the DOT says it's resulted in an overall 10% improvement in travel times on the avenues. Using 100 microwave sensors, 32 traffic video cameras and E-ZPass readers at 23 intersections to measure traffic speeds, engineers in the DOT’s Traffic Management Center (TMC) have been able to spot congestion as it occurs and use "networked Advanced Solid State Traffic Controllers (ATSC) to remotely adjust Midtown traffic signal patterns" and unplug bottlenecks.

The expansion will include an additional 110 microwave sensors, 24 traffic video cameras, and 36 E-ZPass readers, and will become fully operational this September. According to an announcement from the DOT, the service area will more than double in size to include Midtown, from 1st to 9th avenues and from 42nd to 57th streets. The expansion will cost $2.9 million, with $580,000 coming from the city, and the rest from New York State. Another $2 million is being invested in 200 new ASTCs, $1.6 million of that from the Federal Highway Administration and the remainder from the city taxpayers.

The data from the sensors and cameras is transmitted wirelessly in real time to the TMC in Long Island City, where engineers make constant adjustments to traffic signals. The real-time Midtown in Motion traffic information is also available on DOT’s website, on smartphones and tablets (and is also accessible to app developers).

Midtown's bike network is also getting an upgrade as part of the DOT's bike lane expansion. The DOT plans to install four new pairs of crosstown bike lanes through Midtown; if approved, the lanes would be tightly spaced, located on 39th and 40th Streets, 43rd and 44th, 48th and 51st, and 54th and 55th. Head on over to Streetsblog for a closer look at the lanes' "odd" design.

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Learn details of the global humidity sensor market forecast 2015 - 2021

Humidity sensors are sensors that convert the moisture content in air, gases, bulk materials or soil into an electric output signal. It is a humidity sensor device which is also known as hygrometer measures and regularly updates the relative humidity in air.

It measures both air temperature and air moisture. Humidity sensor is composed of two metal plates with a non-conductive polymer film between them.

The film collects moisture from the air which causes minute changes in the voltage between the two plates. Humidity sensors are generally used in textile machines, woodworking machines, printing and paper machines for measuring humidity in air.

Some of the major advantages of humidity sensors over conventional sensors low power requirement, easy implementation and betterment of transducer performance such as sensing elements, structure design, principle of mechanism, and fabrication technologies. Major disadvantages of humidity sensor market are high cost, frequent mirror contamination and insatiability under continuous use.

Miniaturization of electronic device is one of the major trend in the global humidity sensor market. Technology advancement and increasing demand in devices with high end feature are driving the market for humidity sensor.

On the other hand continuous reduction in prices of sensors due to the introduction of more competitive technologies and higher associated costs are restraining the market growth. The humidity sensor market is segmented on the basis of unit of measurement, by product type, by application and by geography.

On the basis of type the market is segmented into Relative humidity sensor and Absolute humidity sensor. Further, relative humidity sensor is further sub-segmented into ceramic, semiconductor and organic polymer processing and absolute humidity sensor are sub-segmented into solid moisture and mirror based sensor.

On the basis of type humidity sensor is segmented into Thermoset sensor, thermoplastic sensor, bulk thermoplastic sensor, lithium chloride sensor and thermoset polymer capacitor sensor. Further on the basis of application the market is segmented into food industry, mining industry, cement industry and pharmaceutical industry.

On the basis of geography the market is segmented into North America, Latin America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia-Pacific, Japan and Middle East & Africa

The key players dominating this market include Aptina Imaging Corporation, Autoliv Inc., Continental AG, Corrsys-Datron Sensorsystem GmbH, CTS Corporation, BEI Sensors, Kavlico Corporation, Delphi Corporation, Bourns Inc., Denso Corporation, Freescale Semiconductor Inc., GE Sensing & Inspection Technologies, Custom Sensors & Technologies Inc., Hamamatsu Photonics KK, Hamlin Electronics LP, Hella KGaA Hueck & Co., Hitachi Automotive Systems, Honeywell Sensing & Control, Infineon Technologies North America Corp., Melexis Microelectronic Integrated Systems N.V, Melexis Inc., Omron Corporation, OSRAM Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Robert Bosch GmbH.
Key geographies evaluated in this report are:

• North America
o U.S
o Canada
• Europe
o France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK
o Eastern Europe
o CIS
• APAC
o China
o India
o Japan
o Australia
o Others
• Latin America
o Argentina
o Brazil
o Others
Key features of this report
• Drivers, restraints, and challenges shaping the Humidity Sensor market dynamics
• Latest innovations and key events in the industry
• Analysis of business strategies of the top players
• Humidity Sensor market estimates and forecasts(2015 -2021)

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Samsung Galaxy Note 4 will AMOLED screen and UV sensor

It will still take a few months before we see an actual presentation of the Galaxy Note 4 but the successor to the hugely popular Galaxy Note 3 course already holds the minds. New rumors today we can report whatever possible specifications.

Samsung Galaxy Note 4
We had almost no other expected more, but this rumor comes via SamMobile out. The men and women behind this site in the past year an extremely good reputation and appear on the Samsung field usually have at the right end. According to rumors, the Samsung Galaxy Note 4 in two versions, one for the Americas and Asia and one for Europe. The version for Europe is obviously the one that we find interesting and which seems to be equipped with a new Exynos processor, the 5433 with eight cores. There is no fool much is known about this processor, but the chip should start measuring the Snapdragon 805 that will be used in the American version. In terms of screen resolution, we seem to expect to go on a quad HD resolution, which is 2560 x 1440 pixels. The screen would be the AMOLED type. The screen size is not listed but is in line with expectations somewhere between 5.7 and 6 inches.

Also hydraulic press allows Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge 'bleeding'

SamMobile know further reports that the Galaxy Note 4 has a 16-megapixel camera with OIS (Optical Image Stabilization) at the back and a 2 megapixel front camera. There also seem to be some special sensors in the schedule, including a UV sensor. On that really is not very much known, but if we look at other Samsung smartphones we already know what to imagine. Earlier rumors we could conclude that the Samsung Galaxy Note 4 would have a new form factor and possibly a 5.7-inch Quad HD display.

What do you hope to see in a Samsung Galaxy Note 4? How big the screen should be and what (special) sensor do you have down? Let us know in the comments.

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Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing (DFOS) Market Report 2016-2026

Visiongain assesses that the global Distributed Fibre Optic Sensor  market will reach $2,373.6m in 2016. It is therefore critical that your strategic planning is in place and your forecasting plans are established to take advantage of the business potential here.

Visiongain's report will ensure that you keep informed and ahead of your competitors. Gain that competitive advantage.

The report will answer questions such as: - What are the prospects for the overall Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing Equipment market? - How profitable is the Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing Equipment market? - Who are the key players within the Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing Equipment market? - What are the drivers and restraints underpinning the Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing Equipment market?

5 Reasons why you must order and read this report today:
1) The report provides detailed profiles of 10 leading companies operating within the Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing Equipment market, and brief profiles of 14 other companies operating within the market:
Leading Companies - with market share revealed for the leading 7 companies - QinetiQ Group plc - Lockheed Martin Corporation - Northrop Grumman Corporation - Baker Hughes, Inc. - CGG - Future Fibre Technologies Ltd. - Magal S3 - Fotech Solutions Ltd. - LIOS Technology GmbH - Southwest Microwave Inc.
Other Companies - AP Sensing GmbH - FibrisTerre GmbH - Halliburton Corporation - Intelligent Fiber Optics Systems (IFOS) Inc. - Omega Company - Omnisens SA - OZ Optics - Savcor OY - Schlumberger Ltd - SensorNet - Silixa Ltd - Tendeka Group - Weatherford International - Ziebel

2) The study reveals where and how companies are investing in the Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing Equipment market. We show you the prospects for the following national markets. These national markets are further segmented into individual forecast for each of the 4 application submarkets. - Australia - Brazil - Canada - China - France - Germany - India - Israel - Japan - Russia - Saudi Arabia - South Korea - United Kingdom - United States - Rest of the World

3) The report provides details of 114 contracts relating to the Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing Equipment market

4) The analysis is underpinned by an exclusive interview with a leading expert , Hagai Katz, Senior VP Marketing & Business Development, at Magal S3

5) Our overview also forecasts and analyses these 4 application submarkets from 2016-2026. These forecasts are revealed at the global level PLUS individually for each of the 14 national markets - The DFOS for Critical Infrastructure Submarket - The DFOS for Military Applications Submarket - The DFOS for Security Applications Submarket - The DFOS for Upstream Oil & Gas Submarket

How will you benefit from this report? - This report you will keep your DFOS knowledge base up to speed. Don't get left behind. - This report will allow you to reinforce strategic decision-making based upon definitive and reliable DFOS market data. - You will learn how to exploit new technological trends. - You will be able to realise your company's full potential within the DFOS market. - You will better understand the competitive landscape and identify potential new business opportunities & partnerships.

Competitive advantage This independent 273 page report guarantees you will remain better informed than your competitors. With 268 tables and figures examining the Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing Equipment market space, the report gives you an immediate, one-stop breakdown of your market. PLUS national market forecasts, as well as analysis, from 2016-2026 keeping your knowledge that one step ahead of your rivals.

Who should read this report? - Anyone within the Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing Equipment value chain. - Defence contractors - Energy companies - Security companies - Engineering companies - Business development managers - Technologists - Suppliers - R&D staff - CEO's - COO's - CIO's - Marketing managers - Investors - Banks - Government agencies - Contractors
Don't miss out This report is essential reading for you or anyone in the Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing Equipment sector. Purchasing this report today will help you to recognise those important market opportunities and understand the possibilities there. Order theDistributed Fibre Optic Sensing (DFOS) Market Report 2016-2026: DAS, DTS & Other Sensors for Critical Infrastructure, Military, Security and Upstream Oil & Gas Applications Reportnow. We look forward to receiving your order


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Ultra-sensitive, vibration-tolerant gas sensor makes field applications more practical

A research team from Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA, has now developed a new device - gas sensor that can detect ultra-low concentrations of gases like nitrogen dioxide accurately and nearly instantaneously. The device works even when experiencing small vibrations, which is important if the instrument, is deployed in the field, where it could be shaken by passing cars, near-by machinery or by thermal changes or air currents. The researchers describe the new detector in a paper in The Optical Society's journal Applied Optics.

"Our sensor is much faster and has the potential for much higher sensitivity -- if employing better matched optical mirrors -- than the previously reported results. It opens the door to interesting, real-time investigation of trace gas concentrations," said Gottipaty Rao, a physicist at Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA.

The detector uses a tried-and-true measurement technique called cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). With CRDS, a laser shoots a pulse of light into a precisely aligned cavity formed by mirrors. When the pulse ends, the light bounces around in the cavity and slowly leaks out. The time it takes for the light to escape is called the ring-down time. If the cavity contains a small amount of gas that absorbs the wavelength of the laser, the ring-down time will decrease since some light is lost to the absorption. Measuring the change in ring-down time indicates the concentration of the trace gas.

In order for the sensors to work, the laser must be resonant with the cavity, meaning that the wavelength of the light "matches" the cavity length in such a way that the light bounces around for a long time. Standard CRDS sensors are susceptible to vibration-induced errors, since small shifts in the length of the cavity can dramatically reduce the sensitivity. As a result, special vibration-isolation equipment must be employed to use CRDS in the field.

One proposed fix for the vibration sensitivity involves shifting the alignment of the laser and the cavity so that the laser will be resonant with the cavity in many different ways. If one resonance is eliminated by a length change (due to vibration), other resonances act as back-up. However, this fix reduces the sensitivity of the detector.

Rao and his colleagues tried a different approach. They used a high-power broadband laser, which contains a wider range of wavelengths than typical for CRDS lasers. Any slight shift of the cavity length due to vibrations simply shifts the cavity resonances to other wavelengths that the laser is already emitting.

The researchers tested the device by measuring trace concentrations of nitrogen dioxide. "If the wavelength of the laser is changed, the technique could also readily be applied to monitor other gases such as methane (a powerful greenhouse gas), ammonia (an air pollutant) and sulfur dioxide (a pollutant from fossil fuel burning power plants)," Rao explained.

Currently, monitoring of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere is done using chemiluminenscence, a chemical reaction that generates light, Rao said. It is not capable of real-time measurements and requires an elaborate calibration procedure to get the absolute concentration of the gas. CRDS has unique advantages over chemiluminenscence and Rao believes the new detector will make it a more practical tool for the field.

In addition, measuring trace concentrations of specific gases in a person's exhaled breath may be used to diagnose certain diseases or conditions, thus the device may eventually aid doctors in non-invasive breath analysis. "More importantly, our approach may also prove useful in developing a highly sensitive explosive detector -- especially applicable to security and air travel -- that targets nitro group (NO2) based explosives such as TNT, GN, RDX, HMX, PETN and TATB," Rao said.

"Even though the CRDS technique is powerful for trace gas detection, it has found limited use for field based monitoring applications primarily because of its sensitivity to vibrations. We demonstrate a simplified approach that makes the CRDS technique insensitive to vibrations and can be employed for field-based applications by an appropriate choice of a high power multimode laser and the species of interest," Rao explained.

The team says the device's sensitivity and response time could be even further improved by using higher reflectivity mirrors and optimizing the design of the cavity. "This would open up new possibilities in atmospheric monitoring, chemical reaction studies and explosive detection," Rao said.

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Global Fibre Optics Sensors Market to Grow Steadily at a CAGR of About 9% During 2016-2020

Technavios market research analyst predicts the global fiber optic sensors market to grow steadily at a CAGR of about 9% during the forecast period. The fiber optic sensors capability of a higher tolerance for high temperatures is expected to drive the demand for these sensors in applications that has extreme environmental conditions and where electrical sensors fail to function properly, such as the oil and gas, and manufacturing sector.

Increased exploration of unconventional resources is another major factor expected to increase the revenues of the fiber optic sensors market during the forecast period. Fiber optic sensors are integrated into equipment used during the drilling and exploration stages. The increase in consumption of oil and gas and the decline in the production of conventional oil reserves has forced vendors and governments to indulge in exploration and drilling activities, therefore, leading to greater demand for fiber optic sensors in this industry.

Product segmentation and analysis of the fiber optic sensors market
- Intrinsic fiber optic sensors
- Extrinsic fiber optic sensors

The intrinsic sensors segment dominated the market during 2015, with a market share of above 93%. Intrinsic sensors are used to measure physical properties such as strain, pressure, and temperature. The main reason behind the dominance of intrinsic sensors is the early adoption of these sensors in oil and gas industry.

Segmentation by end-user and analysis of the fiber optic sensors market
- Oil and gas
- Manufacturing
- Infrastructure
- Security
- Others

Oil and gas accounted for nearly 31% of the market share during 2015. The high demand for equipment used for exploration and drilling activities and the ability of fiber optic sensors to measure temperatures and strain at different locations through a single fiber using multiplexing technology has been driving the growth of this segment.

Geographical segmentation and analysis of the fiber optic sensors market
- Americas
- APAC
- EMEA

The Americas accounted for almost 42% of the market share during 2015 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of close to 10% during the forecast period. The high adoption rate of fiber optic sensors in the manufacturing industry and the availability of huge reserves resulting in increased exploration and drilling activities are the primary drivers for the market growth in this region.

Key questions answered in the report

- What will the market size and the growth rate be in 2020?
- What are the key factors driving the global fiber optic sensors market?
- What are the key market trends impacting the growth of the global fiber optic sensors market?
- What are the challenges to market growth?
- Who are the key vendors in the global fiber optic sensors market?
- What are the market opportunities and threats faced by the vendors in the global fiber optic sensors market?
- Trending factors influencing the market shares of the Americas, APAC, and EMEA.
- What are the key outcomes of the five forces analysis of the global fiber optic sensors market?



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What is a Humidity / Dew Sensor?

A humidity sensor (or hygrometer) senses, measures and reports the relative humidity in the air. It therefore measures both moisture and air temperature. Relative humidity is the ratio of actual moisture in the air to the highest amount of moisture that can be held at that air temperature. The warmer the air temperature is, the more moisture it can hold. Humidity / dew sensors use capacitive measurement, which relies on electrical capacitance. Electrical capacity is the ability of two nearby electrical conductors to create an electrical field between them. The sensor is composed of two metal plates and contains a non-conductive polymer film between them. This film collects moisture from the air, which causes the voltage between the two plates to change. These voltage changes are converted into digital readings showing the level of moisture in the air.

Types of Humidity / Dew Sensors
There are many different kinds of humidity / dew sensors and at Future Electronics we stock many of the most common types categorized by accuracy, operating temperature range, humidity range, supply voltage, packaging type and supply current. The parametric filters on our website can help refine your search results depending on the required specifications.
The most common sizes for supply voltage are 3 to 5.5 V and 4.75 to 5.25 V. We also carry humidity / dew sensors with supply voltage as high as 15 V. Supply current can be between 100 µA and 15 mA, with the most common humidity / dew sensor chips using a supply current of 100 µA, 500 µA and 2.8 to 4 mA.

Humidity / Dew Sensors from Future Electronics
Future Electronics has a full chip selection of humidity / dew sensors from several manufacturers that can be used to design a relative humidity sensor, temperature and humidity monitor, moisture sensor, humidity sensor IC (integrated circuit), humidity sensor switch, digital home humidity sensor, wireless humidity sensor, digital humidity meter, soil moisture sensor, dew point sensor, remote humidity sensor or for any other application that needs humidity measurement. Simply choose from the humidity / dew sensor technical attributes below and your search results will quickly be narrowed to match your specific humidity / dew sensor application needs.

If you have a preferred brand, we deal with Digi International, GE Measurement & Control, Measurement Specialties or Vishay as manufacturers. You can easily refine your humidity / dew sensor product search results by clicking your preferred humidity / dew sensor brand below from our list of manufacturers.

Applications for Humidity / Dew Sensors:
Humidity sensors can be used as a monitoring and preventive measure in homes for people with illnesses that are affected by humidity. They are also found as part of home heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems (HVAC systems). They can also be found in offices, cars, humidors, museums, industrial spaces and greenhouses and can be used in meteorology stations to report and predict weather. Dew sensors are used in the coating industry because the application of paint and other coatings may be extremely sensitive to dew point.

Choosing the Right Humidity / Dew Sensor:
When you are looking for the right humidity / dew sensors, with the FutureElectronics.com parametric search, you can filter the results by various attributes: by Accuracy (±5 %RH, ±3 %RH, ±2 %RH,…), Supply Current (100 µA, 500 µA , 2.8 to 4 mA,…) and Supply Voltage (up to 15 V) to name a few. You will be able to find the right semiconductor chip from several manufacturers that can be used to design a temperature and humidity monitor, moisture sensor, relative humidity sensor, humidity sensor IC (integrated circuit), wireless humidity sensor, digital humidity meter, humidity sensor switch, digital home humidity sensor, soil moisture sensor, remote humidity sensor, dew point sensor or for any other application that might need humidity or dew measurement.

Humidity / Dew Sensors in Production Ready Packaging or R&D Quantities
If the quantity of humidity / dew sensors required is less than a full reel, we offer customers many of our humidity / dew sensor products in tube, tray or individual quantities that will avoid unneeded surplus.

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Samsung Galaxy Note 4 UV sensor - functions and backgrounds

 The Samsung Galaxy Note 4 has a First Smartphone known as a UV sensor. UV stands for ultraviolet and just because you might wonder why so this sensor is installed in the new Samsung Galaxy Note. 4 Precisely for this reason we would like to explain in more detail in this article, what is going on with the UV sensor of the new Samsung Galaxy Note 4 to be.

The UV sensor of the Samsung Galaxy Note 4 to the ultraviolet radiation, which emanates from the sun, and then register in the app S-Health Show on a scale of 1-5. UV light is largely responsible for how strong our skin is damaged. UV light is responsible for tanning our skin and also for sunburn. Depending on how strong the UV index is, the more our skin is affected by the UV light of the sun.

The Samsung Galaxy Note 4 to make the UV light transparent with the integrated UV sensor. Thus Samsung wants to improve the portfolio of its app S-Health and the user help to take care of his health. The UV sensor of the Samsung Galaxy Note 4 is a nice idea, but how many times you will really use this sensor, is questionable. What are your experiences with the UV light sensor in the Samsung Galaxy Note 4?

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What are the symptons of a malfunctioning mass airflow sensor?

An engine with a bad Mass flow sensor may be hard to start or stall after starting. It may hesitate under load, surge, idle rough or run excessively rich or lean. The engine may also hiccup when the throttle suddenly changes position.

 
If you suspect a Mass flow sensor problem, scan for any fault codes. A Mass flow sensor problem should (but does not always) set a fault code. Codes that may indicate a problem with the sensor include: GM: Code 33 (too high frequency) and Code 34 (too low frequency) on engines with multiport fuel injection only, and Code 36 on 5.0L and 5.7L engines that use the Bosch hot-wire Mass flow sensor, if the burn-off cycle after shut-down fails to occur.

Of course, don’t overlook the basics, such as low engine compression, low vacuum, low fuel pressure, leaky or dirty injectors, ignition misfire, excessive backpressure (plugged converter), etc., since problems in any of these areas can produce similar driveability symptoms.

Mass flow sensors can be tested either on or off the vehicle in a variety of ways. You can use a Mass flow Sensor Tester and tachometer to check the sensor’s response. If testing on the vehicle, unplug the wiring harness connector from the sensor and connect the tester and tachometer. Start the engine and watch the readings. They should change as the throttle is opened and closed. No change would indicate a bad sensor. The same hookup can be used to test the Mass flow sensor off the vehicle. When you blow through the sensor, the readings should change if the sensor is detecting the change in air flow.Another check is to read the sensor’s voltage or frequency output on the vehicle. With Bosch hot-wire Mass flow sensors, the output voltage can be read directly with a digital voltmeter by backprobing the brown-andwhite output wire to terminal B6 on the PCM. The voltage reading should be around 2.5 volts. If out of range, or if the sensor’s voltage output fails to increase when the throttle is opened with the engine running, the sensor may be defective. Check the orange and black feed wire for 12 volts, and the black wire for a good ground. Power to the Mass flow sensor is provided through a pair of relays (one for power, one for the burn-off cleaning cycle), so check the relays too, if the Mass flow sensor appears to be dead or sluggish. If the sensor works but is slow to respond to changes in air flow, the problem may be a contaminated sensing element caused by a failure in the self-cleaning circuit or relay. With GM Delco MAF sensors, attach a digital voltmeter to the appropriate MAF sensor output terminal.

With the engine idling, the sensor should output a steady 2.5 volts. Tap lightly on the sensor and note the meter reading. A good sensor should show no change. If the meter reading jumps and/or the engine momentarily misfires, the sensor is bad and needs to be replaced. You can also check for heat-related problems by heating the sensor with a hair dryer and repeating the test. This same test can also be done using a meter that reads frequency. The older AC Delco MAF sensors (like a 2.8L V6) should show a steady reading of 32 Hz at idle to about 75 Hz at 3,500 rpm. The later model units (like those on a 3800 V6 with the Hitachi MAF sensor) should read about 2.9 kHz at idle and 5.0 kHz at 3,500 rpm. If tapping on the MAF sensor produces a sudden change in the frequency signal, it’s time for a new sensor.

On GM hot-film MAFs, you can also use a scan tool to read the sensor’s output in “grams per second” (gps), which corresponds to frequency. The reading should go from 4 to 8 gps at idle up to 100 to 240 gps at wide-open throttle. Like throttle position sensors, there should be smooth linear transition in sensor output as engine speed and load change. If the readings jump all over the place, the computer won’t be able to deliver the right air/fuel mixture and driveability and emissions will suffer. So you should also check the ensor’soutput at various speeds to see that its output hanges appropriately. Another way to observe the sensor’s output is to look at its waveform on an oscilloscope. The waveform should be square and show a gradual increase in frequency as engine speed and load increase. Any skips or sudden jumps or excessive noise in the pattern would tell you the sensor needs to be replaced. Yet another way to check the MAF sensor is to see what effect it has on injector timing. Using an oscilloscope or multimeter that reads milliseconds, connect the test probe to any injector ground terminal (one injector terminal is the supply voltage and the other is the ground circuit to the computer that controls injector timing). Then look at the duration of the injector pulses at idle (or while cranking the engine if the engine won’t
start). Injector timing varies depending on the application, but if the mass air flow sensor is not producing a signal, injector timing will be about four times longer than normal (possibly making the fuel mixture too rich to start). You can also use millisecond readings to confirm fuel enrichment when the throttle is opened during acceleration, fuel leaning during light load cruising and injector shut-down during deceleration. Under light load cruise, for example, you should see about 2.5 to 2.8 Ms duration.

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Distributed fiber optic sensors market: global industry analysis and opportunity assessment 2015-2025 explored with latest research

Future Market Insights has announced the addition of the “Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors Market: Global Industry Analysis and Opportunity Assessment 2015-2025" report to their offering.

Optical networks are used for transmitting of voice and data signals around the world. These networks require perpetual monitoring so as to ensure proper transmission of signal along the fibers.

These sensors are quite immune to electromagnetic interference, and being a poor conductor of electricity they can be used in places where there is flammable material such as jet fuel or high voltage electricity. Fiber optic sensors can be designed to withstand high temperatures as well.

Most physical properties can be sensed optically with fiber optic sensors. Temperature, light intensity, displacement, pressure, rotation, strain, sound, magnetic field, electric field, chemical analysis, radiation, flow, liquid level and vibration are just some of the phenomena that can be sensed via these sensors.

Due to its characteristic of being impervious to electromagnetic interference and ability to operate in harsh environments, these sensors can be deployed in conditions where electronic sensors fail.

Distributed fiber optic sensors represent a technology that can be applied to a multitude of sensing applications with several characteristic advantages of fiber optics that make their use especially attractive for sensors. Fiber optic sensors are used in wide range of applications ranging from energy, defense, medicine, industrial, structural and transportation, security applications.

For many years, distributed fiber optic sensors have been in use for military gyroscopes and hydrophones. To realize the full potential in distributed fiber optic sensors market, few improvements such as sensor robustness needs to be carried out in these sensors.

Oil and gas market has opened an entire new business stream for the fiber optic sensors market, as they paved way for an entire new revenue generation system for the service providers. Initially the commercialization was focused primarily on the military applications.

However, with the usage of distributed fiber optic sensors in smart oil wells North America is enabling itself to be on the path of energy independence. With the further technological advancements, its going to gain traction in the coming years.

Distributed fiber optic sensors provides an extra edge over existing conventional electronic systems by completely eliminating the need of electronics at the sensor end; with low cost, high bandwidth, light weight, improved reliability and EMI/RFI immunity.

Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors Market: Drivers & Restraints     
Increasing investments in civil structures, smart manufacturing, growing needs of telecommunication industry are some of the key factors driving the growth of the global distributed fiber optic sensors market.

Cost and unfamiliarity remain the primary barriers to fiber optic sensor growth into new applications. Price fluctuation in oil industry and stringent environmental regulations are few more probable factors restraining the growth of the global distributed fiber optic sensors market.

Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors Market: Segmentation       
The global distributed fiber optic sensors market is broadly classified on the basis of technology, applications and geographies.

Based on application, the global distributed fiber optic sensors market is segmented into:

·         Oil & Gas

·         Pipelines

·         Infrastructure

·         Geothermal

·         Process control

·         Security

·         Wind energy turbines

Based on technology, the global distributed fiber optic sensors market is segmented into:

·         Brillouin Scattering

·         Raman Scattering

·         Rayleigh Scattering

·         Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG)

Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors Market: Overview      

Though distributed fiber optic sensors traces back its history years ago, but for the emerging economies like India this market is gaining grounds recently.

With developing new technologies in emerging economies, rapid urbanization and increasing housing and security investments, the acceptance of distributed fiber optic sensors is gaining popularity. The global distributed fiber optic sensors market is expected to expand at a promising CAGR during the forecast period (2015-2025).

Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors Market: Region-wise Outlook   
The global distributed fiber optic sensors market is expected to remain quite optimistic for the forecast period. Depending on geographic regions, global distributed fiber optic sensors market is segmented into seven key regions: North America, South America, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Asia Pacific, Japan, and Middle East & Africa.

As of 2015, North America dominated the global distributed fiber optic sensors market in terms of market revenue. Asia Pacific & Japan are projected to expand at a substantial growth and will contribute to the global distributed fiber optic sensors market value exhibiting a robust CAGR during the forecast period, 2015?2025.

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Commercial Microwave Sensor Technology: An Emerging Business

Based on a market study conducted by Intechno Consulting, the world sensor market (all sensing principles) is growing steadily with an average annual growth rate of seven percent from $20 B in 1994 to $40 B by 2004. An emerging segment of this huge market is related to microwave sensors. According to market forecasts from Frost & Sullivan and ABI Inc., radar applications are expected to build to a $1 B market within five years, as shown in Figure 1 . Clearly, the commercial microwave sensor market is experiencing a boom. Radar technology provides what the market needs: a reliable, accurate and noncontact sensing of distance, movement and presence.

Industrial Sensors

A significant industrial application of radar sensor technology is the measurement of liquid or solid material level in process tanks. Most level measurement principles require a mechanical contact to the process, but use of contactless measurement principles is increasing rapidly. Radar offers the best performance in terms of robustness to extreme temperature, pressure, dust and aggressive chemicals. World revenues from shipments of radar level-sensing instruments are growing 15 percent per year and are expected to reach $280 M by 2003.

New competitors are currently entering this market, creating a market growth that puts price pressure on radar level-sensing instruments, which originally were high profit products. The majority of installed radar level meters operate at 5.8 and 10 GHz. However, the next generation of radar systems with 24 GHz technology pose strong competition to the existing products for two reasons: The 24 GHz level gauge can be built smaller and lighter. Hence, it can be mounted to narrow tank flanges and is much easier to handle. In addition, sharp antenna patterns that maximize the level echo while minimizing disturbing reflections are possible, providing high accuracy and measurement reliability.

The new 24 GHz systems not only utilize advanced microwave technology, they also incorporate modern digital signal processing (DSP) features such as self-calibration, self-diagnosis and automatic parameter setup, which provide the user with easy installation and low maintenance. Besides level sensing, radar technology is used in several industrial niche applications such as turbine diagnosis, moisture measurement in paper production and object detection within manufacturing lines. Figure 2 shows an increasingly common contactless measurement gauge.

Automotive Sensors

In the automotive industry, a highly competitive car market exists. Advanced features are used to distinguish cars while safety is a major consideration in new car purchases. It is not surprising that radar technology has gained strong support from leading members of the automobile industry. The automotive radar market is expected to dynamically grow to a volume of roughly $300 M to $500 M by 2003.

The revolutionary approach of automotive distance warning systems is to use front, side and backup radar systems to monitor obstacles, as shown in Figure 3 . This car vision system determines distance from and speed of detected objects and alerts drivers if they are too close to an obstacle. Radar appears to be the best sensor principle since alternatives such as laser and ultrasound fail under bad weather conditions when they are needed most.

The first 77 GHz adaptive cruise control (ACC) radar was scheduled to be available in Mercedes Benz S-class cars this spring. Besides the forward-looking radar, increasing interest is being expressed in short-distance sensor functions such as lane-change aid, park distance control (PDC), precrash detection, occupant sensing and a stop-and-go option for second-generation ACC radar systems. It is not yet clear at which frequencies these novel automotive sensors will operate, but the 24 GHz band could be a good choice with respect to production maturity and cost. The in-car sensor functions are likely to be realized using an optical basis.

The parking aid is a well-established car option that was introduced by BMW in 1991. All PDC systems shipped currently are based on an ultrasonic principle. However, ultrasound is likely to be replaced as soon as radar is offered at the same price level. As a customer benefit, radar is more robust and the microwave modules are mounted invisibly behind the bumper.

Airbag systems are another potential application for radar and light detection and ranging technology. Conventional airbag systems are triggered by acceleration or pressure sensors. Sophisticated signal processing is required to determine very quickly whether or not an accident occurred and at what time the airbags must be deployed. A precrash detection using radar could help to further improve the reliability of airbags, especially with respect to the side airbag, which is the most critical type. An additional idea behind adaptive inflation of the so-called smart airbag is the use of an in-car sensor to determine the shape and position of the occupant on each seat. The technology for future optical three-dimensional (3-D) camera chips for passenger detection is currently in development.

Although the car sensor functions discussed in this article are not yet completely mature, it is not difficult to imagine microwave and optical vision systems making their way into future automobiles. A survey of the automobile industry has determined that an appropriately priced device designed to reduce collisions could become as popular as other safety devices such as airbags and automatic braking systems, which have gained an impressive market share.

Consumer Sensors

Consumer applications, a very fragmented market, have put the strongest price pressure on sensor devices. The sensor element is only a small portion of the end product. Here, radar again competes with less-expensive principles such as ultrasound and infrared sensors. Despite the technical advantages of radar, it cannot be successful unless ultra-low cost microwave sensor elements become feasible.

The most popular radar application is motion sensing. Typical end-customer products are door openers and automatic light switches. Microwave sensors can be mounted invisibly behind dielectric covers, which is a clear advantage over other technologies. Radar motion sensors have been available for some time and it is now possible to produce a simple planar 2.4 or 5.8 GHz Doppler radar module for roughly $5. However, this cost is still higher than an IR sensor. The semiconductor industry is working on radar chips capable of operation to 100 GHz. In parallel, optical 3-D camera technology is being established. The higher the frequency, the better the sensor resolution and the smaller and cheaper the sensor element can be. The industrial, scientific and medical band at 61 GHz would be suitable for low cost sensors such as proximity switches.

Future $3 sensor elements will open up the market for interesting products in household applications. An intelligent home environment may contain functions ranging from smart doors and lights, enhanced safety alarm features, wireless identification and data transmission to more sophisticated products such as 3-D imaging cameras for cleaning robots and smart cooking.

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New study: global force sensor market, forecast 2016 - 2022

Force sensors are also known as force transducers that converts an input mechanical force into an electrical output signal. It act as a force sensing resistor in an electric circuit.

Persistence Market Research Pvt. Ltd is released new forthcoming report on title "Force Sensor Market: Global Industry Analysis and Forecast 2016 - 2022".It has various benefits such as flexibility and ultra-thin sensor construction which leads to minimal interference in normal action of device and precise response. Depending upon the working and sensing method, variety of force sensors are available in the market.

The global force sensor market is expected to witness substantial growth over the period of forecast. Technological advancement, low manufacturing cost, increasing product demand, rise in the demand of industrial robots, advancement of medical devices with force sensing technology, innovations and development in the manufacturing are the few factors encouraging the growth of global force sensor market.

On the other hand, factors which are restraining the global force sensor market are instability in the demand across various end-user industry and underdeveloped aftermarket sales channels.

The global force sensor market can be segmented into type, application and region.

On the basis of type, the global force sensor market can be segmented into, optical force sensor, piezoresistive force sensor, capacitive force sensor, magnetic force sensor, ultrasonic force sensor, strain gauges, and electrochemical force sensors

Sensors has become an essential part of any measurement and automation applications. Overall global sensor market is witnessing a trend of increasing sensor accuracy, reliability, response time, efficiency, communication capability and robustness encourages the demand for sensors across various applications. 

On the basis of application, the global force sensor market can be segmented into, medical & pharmaceutical sector, automotive, printing & packaging, consumer electronics, industrial (robotic & manufacturing), and aerospace & defence. Key developments in the prominent industries such as medical & pharmaceuticals, robotics, aerospace & defence, manufacturing and others is expected to encourage the growth of global force sensor market by 2025.

Force sensors are used in manufacturing tools, transportation equipment, microelectronic packaging, transportation equipment. Force sensors can also be used in wireless inventory management system to improve order scheduling which helps in avoiding inventory stock-out issue.

On the basis of region, the global force sensor market can be seven regions which include – North America, Latin America, Asia-Pacific excluding Japan (APEJ), Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Japan and Middle East & Africa. North America is dominating the global force sensor market due to high technological advancement and increasing adoption among various end-user applications.

However, revenue contribution from Asia Pacific excluding Japan is expected to grow significantly over the forecast period.

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Signal conditioning for a UV sensor

This application note describes the analog conditioning circuit used for a high impedance sensor that acts like a current sensor. It explains how to condition a signal coming from the sensor in this case an ultraviolet - UV sensor and how to improve performance.

While sunlight is important for our health, overexposure to it carries significant health risks. For example, sunburn is caused by the UV radiation contained in sunlight. Measurement of UV is important from a medical point of view, but for various other reasons too. The detection of UV rays is important in the industrial domain, particularly to detect flame in a blue flame oil burner or in some fire detectors.

Knowing the right levels of UV for plant growth is also important. Low levels of UV light have a positive effect on plant growth and seed germination but, higher levels can be harmful and even toxic. UV is part of our life and if it is not well controlled it can cause damage. Consequently, UV sensors are very important.


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What’s the Humidity sensor?

Humidity sensor is a device that detects and measures water vapor. TE offers a complete range of calibrated and amplified sensor products that measure relative humidity (RH).

Based on our robust patented capacitive technology, these sensors provide accurate measurement of dew point and absolute humidity by combining relative humidity and temperature measurements.

Our sensors are qualified for the most demanding applications, including automotive, heavy truck, aerospace and home appliances. We off er a variety of output signals such as digital (Frequency, I2C) and analog voltage, as well as, customized and proprietary output signals including PWM, PDM, LIN and CAN.

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CVD-grown monolayered MoS2 as an effective photosensor operating at low-voltage

We report the fabrication of a photosensor based on as-grown single crystal monolayers of MoS2 synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD).

The measurements were performed using Au/Ti leads in a two terminal configuration on CVD-grown MoS2 on a SiO2/Si substrate. The device was operated in air at room temperature at low bias voltages ranging from −2 V to 2 V and its sensing capabilities were tested for two different excitation wavelengths (514.5 nm and 488 nm). The responsivity reached 1.1 mA W−1 when excited with a 514.5 nm laser at a bias of 1.5 V.

This responsivity is one order of magnitude larger than that reported from photo devices fabricated using CVD-grown multilayered WS2. A rectifying-effect was observed for the optically excited current, which was four times larger in the direct polarization bias when compared to the reverse bias photocurrent. Such rectifying behavior can be attributed to the asymmetric electrode placement on the triangular MoS2 monocrystal.

It is envisioned that these components could eventually be used as efficient and low cost photosensors based on CVD-grown transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers.

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U.S. Temperature Sensors Market Worth $1.65 Billion by 2018 - Increasingly Used in Communication Industry - Research and Markets

The U.S.temperature sensors market is expected to increase to $1.65 billion by 2018 at a CAGR of 6.91% over the period 2015-2020.

Temperature sensing has been gaining importance, particularly in R&D and industrial settings, giving rise to high demand for temperature sensors. Companies operating in the market have been investing heavily in research and development activities in order to develop and enhance temperature sensor functionality. Increasing adoption of HVAC modules is expected to favorably impact the U.S. industry. Even the technological advancements and reduced prices have resulted in Introduction of new applications in the HVAC space.

Growing demand for consumer electronics such as smartphones, cameras and media players make use of microprocessors, which is expected to boost market growth, as they have temperature sensing ICs. Mandates related to safety in U.S. have acted as a key driver for overall industry growth. Temperature controls are essential for manufacturing, handling and storing of medical equipment and drugs.

They are increasingly used in communication industry with growth in handheld communication devices. Intense competition and significant price cuts may restrain the temperature sensors market over the forecast period. U.S. accounted for about 83% of the North American market in 2015, the largest segment over the forecast period, mainly due to advancements in sensor technologies in the region.

Key Topics Covered:
1. Introduction
2. Key Findings
3. Market Overview & Dynamics
4. Introduction
5. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
6. Market Segmentation
7. Company Profiles
8. Investment Analysis
9. Future Of Temperature Sensors Market

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Force Sensor Patent Application Promises Better iPhone, iPad Touch Screens

Apple patent filing could result in the improved performance and accuracy of its mobile device displays.

Wearable technology such as Google Glass may be the next frontier when it comes to mobile computing, but in today’s world it is the smartphone and tablet computer that are still king. So it should come as no surprise that manufacturers such as Apple are always looking for ways to improve the performance of their current crop of mobile devices.

The Cupertino, Calif.-based company’s recent patent application, titled "Gesture and Touch Input Detection Through Force Sensing," demonstrates one way to do just that. As shown on the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office website, the application outlines a method for increasing the sensitivity of touch screens, thereby making them more accurate.

How would it do that, exactly? By adding at least three force sensors to the screen to better distinguish particular kinds of swipes and improve how mobile devices differentiate unintentional gestures from real or intended ones.

According to the patent application, a computing device such as an iPhone or iPad configured to recognize a user’s input would include “a touch interface in communication with the processor and configured to detect a touch signal corresponding to an object approaching or contacting a surface, and at least three force sensors in communication with the processor and configured to detect a force signal corresponding to an object exerting a force on the surface.”

As the image taken from the patent application shows, the force sensors wouldn’t be placed on or buried underneath the screen. Rather, they would be located at the corners of the device. From there, the closest one would determine the pressure of a touch and the force or pressure it places on the display. The patent calls this the “force centroid,” which is then analyzed to determine if it should be treated as a single, multitouch or accidental gesture.

While the technology described is a clear match for smartphones and tablets, the patent application also mentions notebook computers, digital music players, portable gaming stations and the like as computing platforms that would benefit from force sensors.

Apple recently announced record fourth quarter sales of its mobile devices, moving 51 million iPhones and 26 million iPads. It also sold 4.8 million Macs.

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Combined-structure semiconductor gas sensor based on butane gas

A new combined-structure semiconductor gas sensor based on butane gas is reported in this paper. The combined structure sensor is a gas sensor that is based on the complementary feedback principle.

The sensor is composed of two sensitive materials A and B whose conductive types are the same. The materials A and B are all n-type materials. The results analysed from a theoretical viewpoint showed that the sensor had higher selectivity and better thermal stability when materials A and B satisfied certain conditions.

According to the sensor's structure and meeting conditions, we prepared the combined-structure gas sensor for butane gas. The experimental results showed that they are consistent with theoretical analysis and can be applied to monitor and control leakage of butane gas.

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Wireless Indoor Optical Positioning With a Differential Photosensor

An indoor optical positioning technique using a differentialphotosensor device is presented. The method is based on angle of arrival information estimated by the differential photosensor in an indoor environment with fixed optical beacons.

A photocurrent is generated by each of the three photodiodes in the photosensor by incident light from the optical beacons. The amplitudes of these photocurrents are a function of the incident angle of the light. Previously derived equations that express photocurrent amplitudes as a function of the azimuthal arrival angle, φ, and the polar arrival angle, θ, are modeled with second- and third-order polynomials, respectively, to determine the φ and θ angles from measured photocurrents.

Testing with optical beacons in various positions with respect to a fixed photosensor resulted in a root mean squared error for all estimated angles φ and θ of 2.8°. A positioning accuracy of better than 4 cm is achieved.

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Force Sensors Market Analysis: By Application (Automotive, Medical, Industrial, Printing & Packaging)

Force Sensors are abounding in robotics, industrial automation equipment, automobile safety devices, medical systems and many others. The most well-known sensors for measuring force are load cells. They can use different technologies to sense loads. Strain gages, piezoelectric elements, and variable capacitance are among the methods in wide use.

In medical devices industry miniaturization has been a focus these days, sensor manufacturers have been responding to these innovations by providing variety of options in sensors with flexible mounting, small in sizes, and also have been adding new features to make sensors feasible with new applications by integrating multiple sensors in single package.

The increasing demand for force sensors in different platforms has set demand for force sensors; the market for the same is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 5.49% with total revenue of $2.36 Billion by 2020.

Recent developments in prominent industries such as Aerospace and Defense, Medical and Pharmaceuticals, Robotics, Manufacturing, Agriculture and others will shape up the Force Sensors Market by 2020. The market growth is estimated to observe a positive slope in Americas and Europe by 2020 end.

This market has been analyzed by product type such as capacitive sensors, strain gauges, piezoresistive sensors, pyroelectric sensors and others. In this report, the Force Sensors Market is further segmented into Applications and Geography. Applications include Aerospace and Defense, Medical and Pharmaceuticals, Printing and Packaging, Robotics, Automotive and others.

Competitive landscape for industry and market players are profiled with attributes of company overview, financial overview, business strategies, product portfolio and recent developments.

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